目的 分析北京市西城区0～3岁婴幼儿各方面发育水平的分布情况，探讨早产、性别、出生体重等先天因素与婴幼儿不同能区发育的相关性，为制定后期保健规划和早期干预措施提供依据。方法 收集2019—2021年在北京市西城区妇幼保健院儿童保健科就诊的541例婴幼儿及其母亲的相关资料，运用Gesell发育量表对婴幼儿大运动、精细运动、适应性、语言、个人社交五大能区进行评价，比较早产儿与足月儿、不同性别和体重婴幼儿的评价得分差异。结果 早产儿适应性能区的发育迟缓率为68.6%，高于足月儿的48.0%，早产儿与足月儿在大运动、精细运动、适应性三大能区的差异均有统计学意义（均P <0.05）。<1岁婴幼儿与≥1岁婴幼儿相比多个能区发育水平存在差异（P <0.05），尤其在语言方面，在足月儿中，<1岁的婴幼儿语言发育商均值为91.2，≥1岁的婴幼儿语言发育商均值为66.6，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。低出生体重婴幼儿整体发育水平低于正常出生体重婴幼儿；男童在语言和个人社交2个能区的发育迟缓率均高于女童，女童在大运动方面发育迟缓率高于男童（均P <0.05）。结论 足月儿和早产儿都会存在发育落后的风险，早产儿是发育迟缓的高危人群，应引起家长、儿保医师及社会的广泛重视和密切关注，并加强对早产儿的随访和早期干预治疗。

Objective This article aims to provide evidence for formulating health care planning and early intervention measures by analyzing the distribution of development level of 0-3-year-old infants in Xicheng District, Beijing, and exploring the correlation between preterm delivery, gender, birthweight and development of different functional areas.Methods Data of 541 infants and their mothers who visited the child health care department of Xicheng Women's and Children's Hospital from 2019 to 2021 were collected.The Gesell scale was used to evaluate five function areas such as gross motor, fine motor, adaptability, language and personal social interaction. The scores were compared between premature and full term infants, different genders and birthweight.Results The rate of growth retardation in function area of adaptability among preterm infants was 68. 6%,which was higher than that among full-term infants(48. 0%). Premature infants were different from full-term infants in 3 function areas of gross motor, fine motor and adaptability(all P <0. 05). Infants < 1 years old were different from those ≥1 years old in many function areas(P < 0. 05). Especially in language area, the average language quotient for infants < 1 years old were different from that for infants ≥1 years old(91. 2 vs. 66. 6) among full-term infants(P < 0. 05). The overall developmental level of low birth weight infants was lower than that of normal birth weight infants. Boys were more likely than girls to have developmental delays in language and personal socialization function areas, but girls were more likely than boys to have developmental delays in gross motor areas(all P < 0. 05).Conclusion Both full term and premature infants are risky of developmental retardation. However, preterm infants are high-risk group of developmental retardation, who needs to be paid close attention by parents, child health care doctors and the society with intensive follow-up visits and early intervention.